Abstract

Nowadays, infrastructure investments are accelerating; construction methods and techniques are rapidly developing and diversifying, similarly tunneling activities are also developing remarkably. Tunneling (the most common definition of underground space creation work); should be perceived not only as a whole of practical applications used to create a void in the desired geometry just under a topographic obstacle like a mountain and/or hillside, but also as a whole of other theoretical processes that have evolved up to this practical process and are constantly developed during this practical process.