Abstract

Proxy warfare has become a defining feature of conflict in the Middle East, where regional and global powers pursue strategic objectives indirectly through non-state actors. By synthesizing current literature, the study highlights how ideological rivalry, sectarian divisions, and strategic competition drive proxy engagements. The findings indicate that proxy warfare prolongs conflicts, destabilizes governance structures, and complicates international legal accountability. The review concludes that sustainable regional stability requires diplomatic engagement, conflict resolution mechanisms, and strengthened international norms.